CTIPilot

Apple macOS

product · product:apple-macos single-source

Coverage timeline
5
first 2026-07-14 → last 2026-08-08
Peak priority
high
1 high · 4 notable
Sources cited
14
10 hosts
Sections touched
3
active-threats, deep-dive, trending-vulnerabilities
Co-occurring entities
8
see Co-occurring entities below
ATT&CK techniques
41
pinned v19.2 · see below

ATT&CK techniques

41 techniques observed across 5 entries, derived from entry metadata and body evidence, never asserted without a published entry behind it · pinned to MITRE ATT&CK v19.2 · compare on the matrix · Navigator layer (JSON)

Resource Development TA0042

T1608.004Stage Capabilities: Drive-by Target×1

Adversaries may prepare an operational environment to infect systems that visit a website over the normal course of browsing. Endpoint systems may be compromised through browsing to adversary controlled sites, as in Drive-by Compromise. In such cases, the user's web browser is typically targeted for exploitation (often not requiring any extra user interaction once landing on the site), but adversaries may also set up websites for non-exploitation behavior such as Application Access Token. Prior to Drive-by Compromise, adversaries must stage resources needed to deliver that exploit to users who browse to an adversary controlled site. Drive-by content can be staged on adversary controlled infrastructure that has been acquired (Acquire Infrastructure) or previously compromised (Compromise Infrastructure).

Evidence: 2026-08-07/macos-clickfix-server-side-fingerprinting-gate-amos · ATT&CK page ↗

Initial Access TA0001

T1189Drive-by Compromise×1

Adversaries may gain access to a system through a user visiting a website over the normal course of browsing. Multiple ways of delivering exploit code to a browser exist (i.e., Drive-by Target), including:

Evidence: 2026-08-07/macos-clickfix-server-side-fingerprinting-gate-amos · ATT&CK page ↗

T1190Exploit Public-Facing Application×1

Adversaries may attempt to exploit a weakness in an Internet-facing host or system to initially access a network. The weakness in the system can be a software bug, a temporary glitch, or a misconfiguration.

Evidence: 2026-08-08/cve-2026-65400-macos-screen-sharing-auth-state-bypass · ATT&CK page ↗

Execution TA0002

T1053.003Scheduled Task/Job: Cron×1

Adversaries may abuse the <code>cron</code> utility to perform task scheduling for initial or recurring execution of malicious code. The <code>cron</code> utility is a time-based job scheduler for Unix-like operating systems. The <code> crontab</code> file contains the schedule of cron entries to be run and the specified times for execution. Any <code>crontab</code> files are stored in operating system-specific file paths.

Evidence: 2026-07-19/clicklock-stealer-macos-clickfix-forced-password-coercion · ATT&CK page ↗

T1059.004Command and Scripting Interpreter: Unix Shell×3

Adversaries may abuse Unix shell commands and scripts for execution. Unix shells are the primary command prompt on Linux, macOS, and ESXi systems, though many variations of the Unix shell exist (e.g. sh, ash, bash, zsh, etc.) depending on the specific OS or distribution. Unix shells can control every aspect of a system, with certain commands requiring elevated privileges.

Evidence: 2026-08-07/macos-clickfix-server-side-fingerprinting-gate-amos · 2026-08-07/fake-zoom-dotnet-downloader-overlord-rat-macos · 2026-07-19/clicklock-stealer-macos-clickfix-forced-password-coercion · ATT&CK page ↗

T1204.002User Execution: Malicious File×2

An adversary may rely upon a user opening a malicious file in order to gain execution. Users may be subjected to social engineering to get them to open a file that will lead to code execution. This user action will typically be observed as follow-on behavior from Spearphishing Attachment. Adversaries may use several types of files that require a user to execute them, including .doc, .pdf, .xls, .rtf, .scr, .exe, .lnk, .pif, .cpl, .reg, and .iso.

Evidence: 2026-08-07/fake-zoom-dotnet-downloader-overlord-rat-macos · 2026-07-14/crashstealer-macos-native-cpp-infostealer · ATT&CK page ↗

T1204.004User Execution: Malicious Copy and Paste×2

An adversary may rely upon a user copying and pasting code in order to gain execution. Users may be subjected to social engineering to get them to copy and paste code directly into a Command and Scripting Interpreter. One such strategy is "ClickFix," in which adversaries present users with seemingly helpful solutions (such as prompts to fix errors or complete CAPTCHAs) that instead instruct the user to copy and paste malicious code.

Evidence: 2026-08-07/macos-clickfix-server-side-fingerprinting-gate-amos · 2026-07-19/clicklock-stealer-macos-clickfix-forced-password-coercion · ATT&CK page ↗

Persistence TA0003

T1053.003Scheduled Task/Job: Cron×1

Adversaries may abuse the <code>cron</code> utility to perform task scheduling for initial or recurring execution of malicious code. The <code>cron</code> utility is a time-based job scheduler for Unix-like operating systems. The <code> crontab</code> file contains the schedule of cron entries to be run and the specified times for execution. Any <code>crontab</code> files are stored in operating system-specific file paths.

Evidence: 2026-07-19/clicklock-stealer-macos-clickfix-forced-password-coercion · ATT&CK page ↗

T1543.001Create or Modify System Process: Launch Agent×3

Adversaries may create or modify launch agents to repeatedly execute malicious payloads as part of persistence. When a user logs in, a per-user launchd process is started which loads the parameters for each launch-on-demand user agent from the property list (.plist) file found in <code>/System/Library/LaunchAgents</code>, <code>/Library/LaunchAgents</code>, and <code>~/Library/LaunchAgents</code>. Property list files use the <code>Label</code>, <code>ProgramArguments </code>, and <code>RunAtLoad</code> keys to identify the Launch Agent's name, executable location, and execution time. Launch Agents are often installed to perform updates to programs, launch user specified programs at login, or to conduct other developer tasks.

Evidence: 2026-08-07/fake-zoom-dotnet-downloader-overlord-rat-macos · 2026-07-19/clicklock-stealer-macos-clickfix-forced-password-coercion · 2026-07-14/crashstealer-macos-native-cpp-infostealer · ATT&CK page ↗

T1543.004Create or Modify System Process: Launch Daemon×1

Adversaries may create or modify Launch Daemons to execute malicious payloads as part of persistence. Launch Daemons are plist files used to interact with Launchd, the service management framework used by macOS. Launch Daemons require elevated privileges to install, are executed for every user on a system prior to login, and run in the background without the need for user interaction. During the macOS initialization startup, the launchd process loads the parameters for launch-on-demand system-level daemons from plist files found in <code>/System/Library/LaunchDaemons/</code> and <code>/Library/LaunchDaemons/</code>. Required Launch Daemons parameters include a <code>Label</code> to identify the task, <code>Program</code> to provide a path to the executable, and <code>RunAtLoad</code> to specify when the task is run. Launch Daemons are often used to provide access to shared resources, updates to software, or conduct automation tasks.

Evidence: 2026-08-08/cve-2026-65400-macos-screen-sharing-auth-state-bypass · ATT&CK page ↗

T1546.004Event Triggered Execution: Unix Shell Configuration Modification×2

Adversaries may establish persistence through executing malicious commands triggered by a user’s shell. User Unix Shells execute several configuration scripts at different points throughout the session based on events. For example, when a user opens a command-line interface or remotely logs in (such as via SSH) a login shell is initiated. The login shell executes scripts from the system (<code>/etc</code>) and the user’s home directory (<code>~/</code>) to configure the environment. All login shells on a system use /etc/profile when initiated. These configuration scripts run at the permission level of their directory and are often used to set environment variables, create aliases, and customize the user’s environment. When the shell exits or terminates, additional shell scripts are executed to ensure the shell exits appropriately.

Evidence: 2026-08-08/cve-2026-65400-macos-screen-sharing-auth-state-bypass · 2026-07-19/clicklock-stealer-macos-clickfix-forced-password-coercion · ATT&CK page ↗

Privilege Escalation TA0004

T1053.003Scheduled Task/Job: Cron×1

Adversaries may abuse the <code>cron</code> utility to perform task scheduling for initial or recurring execution of malicious code. The <code>cron</code> utility is a time-based job scheduler for Unix-like operating systems. The <code> crontab</code> file contains the schedule of cron entries to be run and the specified times for execution. Any <code>crontab</code> files are stored in operating system-specific file paths.

Evidence: 2026-07-19/clicklock-stealer-macos-clickfix-forced-password-coercion · ATT&CK page ↗

T1543.001Create or Modify System Process: Launch Agent×3

Adversaries may create or modify launch agents to repeatedly execute malicious payloads as part of persistence. When a user logs in, a per-user launchd process is started which loads the parameters for each launch-on-demand user agent from the property list (.plist) file found in <code>/System/Library/LaunchAgents</code>, <code>/Library/LaunchAgents</code>, and <code>~/Library/LaunchAgents</code>. Property list files use the <code>Label</code>, <code>ProgramArguments </code>, and <code>RunAtLoad</code> keys to identify the Launch Agent's name, executable location, and execution time. Launch Agents are often installed to perform updates to programs, launch user specified programs at login, or to conduct other developer tasks.

Evidence: 2026-08-07/fake-zoom-dotnet-downloader-overlord-rat-macos · 2026-07-19/clicklock-stealer-macos-clickfix-forced-password-coercion · 2026-07-14/crashstealer-macos-native-cpp-infostealer · ATT&CK page ↗

T1543.004Create or Modify System Process: Launch Daemon×1

Adversaries may create or modify Launch Daemons to execute malicious payloads as part of persistence. Launch Daemons are plist files used to interact with Launchd, the service management framework used by macOS. Launch Daemons require elevated privileges to install, are executed for every user on a system prior to login, and run in the background without the need for user interaction. During the macOS initialization startup, the launchd process loads the parameters for launch-on-demand system-level daemons from plist files found in <code>/System/Library/LaunchDaemons/</code> and <code>/Library/LaunchDaemons/</code>. Required Launch Daemons parameters include a <code>Label</code> to identify the task, <code>Program</code> to provide a path to the executable, and <code>RunAtLoad</code> to specify when the task is run. Launch Daemons are often used to provide access to shared resources, updates to software, or conduct automation tasks.

Evidence: 2026-08-08/cve-2026-65400-macos-screen-sharing-auth-state-bypass · ATT&CK page ↗

T1546.004Event Triggered Execution: Unix Shell Configuration Modification×2

Adversaries may establish persistence through executing malicious commands triggered by a user’s shell. User Unix Shells execute several configuration scripts at different points throughout the session based on events. For example, when a user opens a command-line interface or remotely logs in (such as via SSH) a login shell is initiated. The login shell executes scripts from the system (<code>/etc</code>) and the user’s home directory (<code>~/</code>) to configure the environment. All login shells on a system use /etc/profile when initiated. These configuration scripts run at the permission level of their directory and are often used to set environment variables, create aliases, and customize the user’s environment. When the shell exits or terminates, additional shell scripts are executed to ensure the shell exits appropriately.

Evidence: 2026-08-08/cve-2026-65400-macos-screen-sharing-auth-state-bypass · 2026-07-19/clicklock-stealer-macos-clickfix-forced-password-coercion · ATT&CK page ↗

Stealth TA0005

T1027Obfuscated Files or Information×3

Adversaries may attempt to make an executable or file difficult to discover or analyze by encrypting, encoding, or otherwise obfuscating its contents on the system or in transit. This is common behavior that can be used across different platforms and the network to evade defenses.

Evidence: 2026-08-07/macos-clickfix-server-side-fingerprinting-gate-amos · 2026-08-07/fake-zoom-dotnet-downloader-overlord-rat-macos · 2026-07-14/crashstealer-macos-native-cpp-infostealer · ATT&CK page ↗

T1027.013Obfuscated Files or Information: Encrypted/Encoded File×1

Adversaries may encrypt or encode files to obfuscate strings, bytes, and other specific patterns to impede detection. Encrypting and/or encoding file content aims to conceal malicious artifacts within a file used in an intrusion. Many other techniques, such as Software Packing, Steganography, and Embedded Payloads, share this same broad objective. Encrypting and/or encoding files could lead to a lapse in detection of static signatures, only for this malicious content to be revealed (i.e., Deobfuscate/Decode Files or Information) at the time of execution/use.

Evidence: 2026-08-07/fake-zoom-dotnet-downloader-overlord-rat-macos · ATT&CK page ↗

T1036.005Masquerading: Match Legitimate Resource Name or Location×2

Adversaries may match or approximate the name or location of legitimate files, Registry keys, or other resources when naming/placing them. This is done for the sake of evading defenses and observation.

Evidence: 2026-08-07/fake-zoom-dotnet-downloader-overlord-rat-macos · 2026-07-19/clicklock-stealer-macos-clickfix-forced-password-coercion · ATT&CK page ↗

T1070.004Indicator Removal: File Deletion×1

Adversaries may delete files left behind by the actions of their intrusion activity. Malware, tools, or other non-native files dropped or created on a system by an adversary (ex: Ingress Tool Transfer) may leave traces to indicate to what was done within a network and how. Removal of these files can occur during an intrusion, or as part of a post-intrusion process to minimize the adversary's footprint.

Evidence: 2026-07-19/clicklock-stealer-macos-clickfix-forced-password-coercion · ATT&CK page ↗

T1070.006Indicator Removal: Timestomp×2

Adversaries may modify file time attributes to hide new files or changes to existing files. Timestomping is a technique that modifies the timestamps of a file (the modify, access, create, and change times), often to mimic files that are in the same folder and blend malicious files with legitimate files.

Evidence: 2026-07-19/clicklock-stealer-macos-clickfix-forced-password-coercion · 2026-07-14/crashstealer-macos-native-cpp-infostealer · ATT&CK page ↗

T1140Deobfuscate/Decode Files or Information×1

Adversaries may use Obfuscated Files or Information to hide artifacts of an intrusion from analysis. They may require separate mechanisms to decode or deobfuscate that information depending on how they intend to use it. Methods for doing that include built-in functionality of malware or by using utilities present on the system.

Evidence: 2026-07-14/crashstealer-macos-native-cpp-infostealer · ATT&CK page ↗

T1497.001Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion: System Checks×1

Adversaries may employ various system checks to detect and avoid virtualization and analysis environments. This may include changing behaviors based on the results of checks for the presence of artifacts indicative of a virtual machine environment (VME) or sandbox. If the adversary detects a VME, they may alter their malware to disengage from the victim or conceal the core functions of the implant. They may also search for VME artifacts before dropping secondary or additional payloads. Adversaries may use the information learned from Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors.

Evidence: 2026-08-07/macos-clickfix-server-side-fingerprinting-gate-amos · ATT&CK page ↗

T1564.001Hide Artifacts: Hidden Files and Directories×2

Adversaries may set files and directories to be hidden to evade detection mechanisms. To prevent normal users from accidentally changing special files on a system, most operating systems have the concept of a ‘hidden’ file. These files don’t show up when a user browses the file system with a GUI or when using normal commands on the command line. Users must explicitly ask to show the hidden files either via a series of Graphical User Interface (GUI) prompts or with command line switches (<code>dir /a</code> for Windows and <code>ls –a</code> for Linux and macOS).

Evidence: 2026-07-19/clicklock-stealer-macos-clickfix-forced-password-coercion · 2026-07-14/crashstealer-macos-native-cpp-infostealer · ATT&CK page ↗

T1622Debugger Evasion×1

Adversaries may employ various means to detect and avoid debuggers. Debuggers are typically used by defenders to trace and/or analyze the execution of potential malware payloads.

Evidence: 2026-07-14/crashstealer-macos-native-cpp-infostealer · ATT&CK page ↗

Defense Impairment TA0112

T1553.001Subvert Trust Controls: Gatekeeper Bypass×1

Adversaries may modify file attributes and subvert Gatekeeper functionality to evade user prompts and execute untrusted programs. Gatekeeper is a set of technologies that act as layer of Apple’s security model to ensure only trusted applications are executed on a host. Gatekeeper was built on top of File Quarantine in Snow Leopard (10.6, 2009) and has grown to include Code Signing, security policy compliance, Notarization, and more. Gatekeeper also treats applications running for the first time differently than reopened applications.

Evidence: 2026-07-14/crashstealer-macos-native-cpp-infostealer · ATT&CK page ↗

T1685Disable or Modify Tools×1

Adversaries may disable, degrade, or tamper with security tools or applications (e.g., endpoint detection and response (EDR) tools, intrusion detection systems (IDS), antivirus, logging agents, sensors, etc.) to impair or reduce visibility of defensive capabilities. This may include stopping specific services, killing processes, modifying or deleting tool configuration files and Registry keys, or preventing tools from updating. This may also include impairing defenses more broadly by disrupting preventative, detection, and response mechanisms across host, network, and cloud environments.

Evidence: 2026-07-19/clicklock-stealer-macos-clickfix-forced-password-coercion · ATT&CK page ↗

Credential Access TA0006

T1056.001Input Capture: Keylogging×1

Adversaries may log user keystrokes to intercept credentials as the user types them. Keylogging is likely to be used to acquire credentials for new access opportunities when OS Credential Dumping efforts are not effective, and may require an adversary to intercept keystrokes on a system for a substantial period of time before credentials can be successfully captured. In order to increase the likelihood of capturing credentials quickly, an adversary may also perform actions such as clearing browser cookies to force users to reauthenticate to systems.

Evidence: 2026-08-07/fake-zoom-dotnet-downloader-overlord-rat-macos · ATT&CK page ↗

T1056.002Input Capture: GUI Input Capture×1

Adversaries may mimic common operating system GUI components to prompt users for credentials with a seemingly legitimate prompt. When programs are executed that need additional privileges than are present in the current user context, it is common for the operating system to prompt the user for proper credentials to authorize the elevated privileges for the task (ex: Bypass User Account Control).

Evidence: 2026-07-19/clicklock-stealer-macos-clickfix-forced-password-coercion · ATT&CK page ↗

T1552.001Unsecured Credentials: Credentials In Files×2

Adversaries may search local file systems and remote file shares for files containing insecurely stored credentials. These can be files created by users to store their own credentials, shared credential stores for a group of individuals, configuration files containing passwords for a system or service, or source code/binary files containing embedded passwords.

Evidence: 2026-08-07/macos-clickfix-server-side-fingerprinting-gate-amos · 2026-07-19/clicklock-stealer-macos-clickfix-forced-password-coercion · ATT&CK page ↗

T1555.001Credentials from Password Stores: Keychain×2

Adversaries may acquire credentials from Keychain. Keychain (or Keychain Services) is the macOS credential management system that stores account names, passwords, private keys, certificates, sensitive application data, payment data, and secure notes. There are three types of Keychains: Login Keychain, System Keychain, and Local Items (iCloud) Keychain. The default Keychain is the Login Keychain, which stores user passwords and information. The System Keychain stores items accessed by the operating system, such as items shared among users on a host. The Local Items (iCloud) Keychain is used for items synced with Apple’s iCloud service.

Evidence: 2026-07-19/clicklock-stealer-macos-clickfix-forced-password-coercion · 2026-07-14/crashstealer-macos-native-cpp-infostealer · ATT&CK page ↗

T1555.003Credentials from Password Stores: Credentials from Web Browsers×3

Adversaries may acquire credentials from web browsers by reading files specific to the target browser. Web browsers commonly save credentials such as website usernames and passwords so that they do not need to be entered manually in the future. Web browsers typically store the credentials in an encrypted format within a credential store; however, methods exist to extract plaintext credentials from web browsers.

Evidence: 2026-08-07/macos-clickfix-server-side-fingerprinting-gate-amos · 2026-07-19/clicklock-stealer-macos-clickfix-forced-password-coercion · 2026-07-14/crashstealer-macos-native-cpp-infostealer · ATT&CK page ↗

Discovery TA0007

T1497.001Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion: System Checks×1

Adversaries may employ various system checks to detect and avoid virtualization and analysis environments. This may include changing behaviors based on the results of checks for the presence of artifacts indicative of a virtual machine environment (VME) or sandbox. If the adversary detects a VME, they may alter their malware to disengage from the victim or conceal the core functions of the implant. They may also search for VME artifacts before dropping secondary or additional payloads. Adversaries may use the information learned from Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors.

Evidence: 2026-08-07/macos-clickfix-server-side-fingerprinting-gate-amos · ATT&CK page ↗

T1518.001Software Discovery: Security Software Discovery×1

Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of security software, configurations, defensive tools, and sensors that are installed on a system or in a cloud environment. This may include things such as cloud monitoring agents and anti-virus. Adversaries may use the information from Security Software Discovery during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.

Evidence: 2026-07-14/crashstealer-macos-native-cpp-infostealer · ATT&CK page ↗

T1622Debugger Evasion×1

Adversaries may employ various means to detect and avoid debuggers. Debuggers are typically used by defenders to trace and/or analyze the execution of potential malware payloads.

Evidence: 2026-07-14/crashstealer-macos-native-cpp-infostealer · ATT&CK page ↗

Lateral Movement TA0008

T1021.005Remote Services: VNC×1

Adversaries may use Valid Accounts to remotely control machines using Virtual Network Computing (VNC). VNC is a platform-independent desktop sharing system that uses the RFB (“remote framebuffer”) protocol to enable users to remotely control another computer’s display by relaying the screen, mouse, and keyboard inputs over the network.

Evidence: 2026-08-08/cve-2026-65400-macos-screen-sharing-auth-state-bypass · ATT&CK page ↗

Collection TA0009

T1056.001Input Capture: Keylogging×1

Adversaries may log user keystrokes to intercept credentials as the user types them. Keylogging is likely to be used to acquire credentials for new access opportunities when OS Credential Dumping efforts are not effective, and may require an adversary to intercept keystrokes on a system for a substantial period of time before credentials can be successfully captured. In order to increase the likelihood of capturing credentials quickly, an adversary may also perform actions such as clearing browser cookies to force users to reauthenticate to systems.

Evidence: 2026-08-07/fake-zoom-dotnet-downloader-overlord-rat-macos · ATT&CK page ↗

T1056.002Input Capture: GUI Input Capture×1

Adversaries may mimic common operating system GUI components to prompt users for credentials with a seemingly legitimate prompt. When programs are executed that need additional privileges than are present in the current user context, it is common for the operating system to prompt the user for proper credentials to authorize the elevated privileges for the task (ex: Bypass User Account Control).

Evidence: 2026-07-19/clicklock-stealer-macos-clickfix-forced-password-coercion · ATT&CK page ↗

T1113Screen Capture×1

Adversaries may attempt to take screen captures of the desktop to gather information over the course of an operation. Screen capturing functionality may be included as a feature of a remote access tool used in post-compromise operations. Taking a screenshot is also typically possible through native utilities or API calls, such as <code>CopyFromScreen</code>, <code>xwd</code>, or <code>screencapture</code>.

Evidence: 2026-08-07/fake-zoom-dotnet-downloader-overlord-rat-macos · ATT&CK page ↗

T1119Automated Collection×1

Once established within a system or network, an adversary may use automated techniques for collecting internal data. Methods for performing this technique could include use of a Command and Scripting Interpreter to search for and copy information fitting set criteria such as file type, location, or name at specific time intervals.

Evidence: 2026-07-19/clicklock-stealer-macos-clickfix-forced-password-coercion · ATT&CK page ↗

T1123Audio Capture×1

An adversary can leverage a computer's peripheral devices (e.g., microphones and webcams) or applications (e.g., voice and video call services) to capture audio recordings for the purpose of listening into sensitive conversations to gather information.

Evidence: 2026-08-07/fake-zoom-dotnet-downloader-overlord-rat-macos · ATT&CK page ↗

T1125Video Capture×1

An adversary can leverage a computer's peripheral devices (e.g., integrated cameras or webcams) or applications (e.g., video call services) to capture video recordings for the purpose of gathering information. Images may also be captured from devices or applications, potentially in specified intervals, in lieu of video files.

Evidence: 2026-08-07/fake-zoom-dotnet-downloader-overlord-rat-macos · ATT&CK page ↗

T1560.001Archive Collected Data: Archive via Utility×1

Adversaries may use utilities to compress and/or encrypt collected data prior to exfiltration. Many utilities include functionalities to compress, encrypt, or otherwise package data into a format that is easier/more secure to transport.

Evidence: 2026-07-14/crashstealer-macos-native-cpp-infostealer · ATT&CK page ↗

Command and Control TA0011

T1071.001Application Layer Protocol: Web Protocols×1

Adversaries may communicate using application layer protocols associated with web traffic to avoid detection/network filtering by blending in with existing traffic. Commands to the remote system, and often the results of those commands, will be embedded within the protocol traffic between the client and server.

Evidence: 2026-08-07/fake-zoom-dotnet-downloader-overlord-rat-macos · ATT&CK page ↗

T1102Web Service×1

Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service as a means for relaying data to/from a compromised system. Popular websites, cloud services, and social media acting as a mechanism for C2 may give a significant amount of cover due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to a compromise. Using common services, such as those offered by Google, Microsoft, or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in expected noise. Web service providers commonly use SSL/TLS encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection.

Evidence: 2026-07-19/clicklock-stealer-macos-clickfix-forced-password-coercion · ATT&CK page ↗

T1105Ingress Tool Transfer×4

Adversaries may transfer tools or other files from an external system into a compromised environment. Tools or files may be copied from an external adversary-controlled system to the victim network through the command and control channel or through alternate protocols such as ftp. Once present, adversaries may also transfer/spread tools between victim devices within a compromised environment (i.e. Lateral Tool Transfer).

Evidence: 2026-08-07/macos-clickfix-server-side-fingerprinting-gate-amos · 2026-08-07/fake-zoom-dotnet-downloader-overlord-rat-macos · 2026-07-19/clicklock-stealer-macos-clickfix-forced-password-coercion · 2026-07-14/crashstealer-macos-native-cpp-infostealer · ATT&CK page ↗

T1571Non-Standard Port×1

Adversaries may communicate using a protocol and port pairing that are typically not associated. For example, HTTPS over port 8088 or port 587 as opposed to the traditional port 443. Adversaries may make changes to the standard port used by a protocol to bypass filtering or muddle analysis/parsing of network data.

Evidence: 2026-08-07/fake-zoom-dotnet-downloader-overlord-rat-macos · ATT&CK page ↗

T1573Encrypted Channel×1

Adversaries may employ an encryption algorithm to conceal command and control traffic rather than relying on any inherent protections provided by a communication protocol. Despite the use of a secure algorithm, these implementations may be vulnerable to reverse engineering if secret keys are encoded and/or generated within malware samples/configuration files.

Evidence: 2026-08-07/fake-zoom-dotnet-downloader-overlord-rat-macos · ATT&CK page ↗

Exfiltration TA0010

T1041Exfiltration Over C2 Channel×1

Adversaries may steal data by exfiltrating it over an existing command and control channel. Stolen data is encoded into the normal communications channel using the same protocol as command and control communications.

Evidence: 2026-07-14/crashstealer-macos-native-cpp-infostealer · ATT&CK page ↗

T1567Exfiltration Over Web Service×1

Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service to exfiltrate data rather than their primary command and control channel. Popular Web services acting as an exfiltration mechanism may give a significant amount of cover due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to compromise. Firewall rules may also already exist to permit traffic to these services.

Evidence: 2026-07-19/clicklock-stealer-macos-clickfix-forced-password-coercion · ATT&CK page ↗

Impact TA0040

T1496Resource Hijacking×1

Adversaries may leverage the resources of co-opted systems to complete resource-intensive tasks, which may impact system and/or hosted service availability.

Evidence: 2026-08-08/cve-2026-65400-macos-screen-sharing-auth-state-bypass · ATT&CK page ↗

Story timeline

  1. 2026-08-08CVE-2026-65400, macOS Screen Sharing lets a network attacker authenticate without valid credentials, the second severe defect in the same daemon in two releases
    trending-vulnerabilitiesApple patches a Screen Sharing authentication-state bug a week after a researcher said the previous fix in that daemon shipped as a denial-of-service
  2. 2026-08-07The macOS ClickFix chain now qualifies visitors server-side before showing the lure, with anti-analysis probes that detect a console rather than a sandbox
    active-threatsMicrosoft documents the cloaking layer in front of a ClickFix campaign, researchers and scanners get a decoy, qualified Macs get the payload
  3. 2026-08-07A fake Zoom installer stages Overlord RAT through the first .NET macOS downloader Jamf has observed, PE-format DLLs bundled inside a Mach-O binary
    active-threatsmacOS malware picks up .NET: one downloader codebase now targets Mac and Windows, and the Go payload is Garble-obfuscated to break static analysis
  4. 2026-07-19ClickLock Stealer, a macOS ClickFix infostealer that force-kills every visible app until the victim types their login password
    deep-diveClickLock: a modular macOS stealer that locks the desktop by killing every app until the user surrenders their password; Europe is the top victim region
  5. 2026-07-14CrashStealer, a native-C++ macOS infostealer using a notarized dropper and local dscl password validation to raid keychain, browsers and wallets
    active-threatsCrashStealer: notarized-dropper macOS stealer validates stolen passwords with dscl before harvesting keychain and browser data

Where this entity is cited

  • active-threats3
  • deep-dive1
  • trending-vulnerabilities1

Source distribution

  • bleepingcomputer.com3 (21%)
  • advisories.ncsc.nl2 (14%)
  • jamf.com2 (14%)
  • blog.calif.io1 (7%)
  • forbes.com1 (7%)
  • group-ib.com1 (7%)
  • huntress.com1 (7%)
  • microsoft.com1 (7%)
  • other2 (14%)

Co-occurring entities

Derived: referenced by the same focused operational entries (weekly summaries and report roundups don't count); ×N counts the shared entries.

All cited sources (14)

Entries about Apple macOS (5)

2026-08-08 · view entry permalink →

HIGHCVE-2026-65400exploitedupdatedNATOA2

CVE-2026-65400, macOS Screen Sharing lets a network attacker authenticate without valid credentials, the second severe defect in the same daemon in two releases

Apple's 2026-08-06 updates for macOS Tahoe 26.6.1, Sequoia 15.7.9 and Sonoma 14.8.9 fix CVE-2026-65400 in Screen Sharing, the VNC-based remote-desktop service built into macOS. Apple's description of the impact is unusually direct for a first-party bulletin: "An attacker on the network may be able to authenticate to Screen Sharing without valid credentials", with the cause given as "An authentication issue was addressed with improved state management" (Apple, 2026-08-06). NCSC-NL carried it to European constituents the following day, classing it CWE-287 (NCSC-NL, 2026-08-07). Apple publishes no severity score and reports no exploitation.

Taken alone this is a straightforward patch item on a client operating system. What raises it is the interval. One week earlier, macOS reverse-engineer fG! published an account of a separate defect in the same screensharingd daemon: a pre-authentication bug that lets an unauthenticated caller "download any file from a vulnerable macOS machine" given its full path, with /etc/sudoers offered as the worked example. He states "I know the bug was fixed by the DoS entry" in the preceding Apple bulletin, and argues that entry understates what the bug actually was (fG!, 2026-07-29). He is explicit that this is not the bug the other research team reported. That characterisation is his and Apple has not endorsed it, so it is context rather than a finding.

The operational consequence does not depend on adjudicating that dispute. Two independent, severe authentication and state-handling defects have now surfaced in the same daemon across consecutive release cycles, one of them described publicly in enough detail to be actionable. An estate that took 26.6 and deferred 26.6.1, or that reads bulletin severity labels as a patch-prioritisation input, ends up with the wrong picture in both directions.

Detection concept and hardening are the same lever: Screen Sharing listens on TCP/5900 and is discoverable over mDNS, so the exposure to hunt for is any managed Mac with the service reachable from a segment it does not need to serve, inventory it from network telemetry rather than from configuration policy, because the setting is per-device and users enable it. There is no known persistent artifact specific to CVE-2026-65400: Apple frames it as an authentication-state defect, not a post-exploitation primitive, so a successful attack looks like a legitimate Screen Sharing session, and the discriminator available is the session's source rather than anything about the session itself. Where the service is genuinely required, restrict it to a defined set of management sources or a VPN path. On the related daemon bug fG! is precise about the limits of the platform's own controls, and the limits cut both ways: he records that it "doesn't care about TCC either", but also that "It would be perfect if it could bypass SIP. That one it doesn't do" (fG!, 2026-07-29), so System Integrity Protection does constrain that particular chain, and the file-download primitive it describes is a read, not a write.

An attacker on the network may be able to authenticate to Screen Sharing without valid credentials

An authentication issue was addressed with improved state management.

Apple 2026-08-06

screensharingd, the program answering those connections, runs as root, the account that can do anything, so an attacker did not stop at your account. They could breach every other account on the machine and install whatever they wanted.

Where the first bug is a stale return value, the second is a state machine desync. Anybody could probably reproduce it from the patch now, but we are withholding the details until more people have upgraded.

Calif 2026-08-10

The daemon's frame-length validator erroneously returns a stale success status, so the connection is treated as authenticated.

As this is a pre-auth bug, the usual hardening does not help: removing allowed user accounts, disabling legacy VNC password authentication, or rotating the VNC password have no effect.

Huntress 2026-08-07

Het NCSC heeft een melding ontvangen waaruit blijkt dat er actief misbruik van deze kwetbaarheid is waargenomen op meerdere systemen waarop poort 5900 vanaf het internet bereikbaar was.

In al deze gevallen was root toegang verkregen op het getroffen systeem en een Monero crypto miner geplaatst.

Publieke PoC code beschikbaar en actief misbruik bekend

NCSC-NL 2026-08-07
Updaterun 2026-08-11T0411Z-intelactionscvesevidenceprioritysectorssourcestagstechniquesbody

The original entry carried Apple's own framing (an attacker on the network may be able to authenticate to Screen Sharing without valid credentials, no exploitation reported) and treated it as an authentication bypass. Three things published since change what a defender should do about it.

It is remote root, and the exploit is a weekend's work. Calif pulled the 26.6 and 26.6.1 binaries, diffed them, and had a working exploit against a live 26.6 machine about four hours later (Calif, 2026-08-10). The severity is higher than the advisory line implies because screensharingd, the daemon answering those connections, runs as root, so an attacker does not land in the account they authenticated as, but can reach every account on the machine and install what they like. Huntress, analysing the same patch independently, describes the result as arbitrary file read and write as root, reached through the daemon's privileged file-copy helper processes, and reports achieving code execution by creating a launch daemon that runs an on-disk reverse shell at reboot or by modifying a shell startup file that fires when a terminal is opened (Huntress, 2026-08-07). Huntress also notes that an earlier public proof-of-concept's cron-based path did not work as implemented, because the cron location it wrote to is protected, and that its author later scoped that path to systems with System Integrity Protection disabled, a narrower reading than the original entry's more hopeful gloss on the protection question, since the launch-daemon and shell-startup paths are not covered by it.

There were two pre-auth bugs, not one, and only one got a CVE. Calif reports that screensharingd carried two independent critical flaws sitting in the same source file. The first was found by the researcher fG! (@osxreverser), never reported to Apple, and killed by Apple in the 26.6 release of 2026-07-27 alongside less severe reported bugs; it has no CVE to this day, and none of the three Screen Sharing entries in that July advisory was described as pre-authentication (Calif, 2026-08-10). Calif characterises that first bug as a single wrong return, a length check bailing out early on an oversized frame and handing back the success code from the preceding read, which the caller reads as an authentication step having passed. The second bug is CVE-2026-65400, fixed out of band on 2026-08-06, and Calif states it needs one thing the first did not: a valid account name, which is not a secret because macOS prints usernames on the login window. Both, in Calif's account, are pure logic errors: no heap grooming, no address-space defeat, no race to win, and no crash, one or two packets in the right order.

The two accounts of the root cause do not agree, and the difference is worth knowing. Huntress roots CVE-2026-65400 in the Secure Remote Password implementation, stating that the daemon's frame-length validator erroneously returns a stale success status so the connection is treated as authenticated, and that the session then continues without cryptographic protection (Huntress, 2026-08-07). Calif assigns that same stale-return mechanism to the first, uncredited bug, and says CVE-2026-65400 is instead a state-machine desync whose details it is withholding until more machines have updated (Calif, 2026-08-10). This entry does not adjudicate between them. The practical consequence of the disagreement is a defensive one: a reader who has only seen the Huntress write-up may conclude the mechanism is fully public, when the more granular account says the mechanism behind the CVE that is actually patched this month has not been published.

Exposure. Calif cites the scan by the researcher who started the affair, which found around 40,000 Macs with Screen Sharing reachable from the internet, mostly residential addresses, but including university and company hosts (Calif, 2026-08-10). Huntress reports a separate concern for managed estates: providers of hosted bare-metal Macs commonly provision these services enabled, a search of internet-wide scan data shows tens of thousands of potentially vulnerable hosts, and at the time of writing some providers had not folded the latest updates into their base images, so newly provisioned hosts were still coming up on the previous, vulnerable version (Huntress, 2026-08-07).

Detection. Huntress's contribution the original entry lacked is a telemetry-level discriminator drawn from Apple's Endpoint Security event stream. On a screen-sharing attach event, a legitimate authenticated session reports its authentication type as RSA-SRP, while a session established through this bug reports the weaker SRP value, because no cryptography is applied to it. The session username is the second signal: root is a strong indicator, since that account is disabled by default on macOS and few administrators would enable it and then use it for Screen Sharing, and an attacker guessing at account names produces attach events with a null session username; noisy enumeration that is itself worth alerting on. At the process layer, execution of the daemon's file-copy sender helper with a user and group identifier of 0 and 80 accompanies information-disclosure attempts, though Huntress notes those values do not stay static once the attacker enumerates another local account.

Triage: Screen Sharing is a real administrative tool, so the session itself is not the signal; the authentication type is. Any successful screen-sharing attach whose authentication type is the unencrypted variant, or whose session username is root or null, has no benign explanation on a managed Mac; an ordinary remote-support session by an administrator authenticates over the encrypted path as a named account. Where that telemetry is unavailable, the fallback discriminator is exposure rather than behaviour: a Screen Sharing listener answering from an untrusted network at all is the condition this bug needs.

Updaterun 2026-08-16T0411Z-intelactionscvesevidenceregionssourcestagstechniquesbody

The flaw this pipeline reported twice as carrying no confirmed exploitation (first on Apple's advisory line alone, then on 2026-08-11 with the finding that the daemon runs as root and that working exploits had been rebuilt from the patch diff in about four hours) is now confirmed to be exploited. The Dutch national cyber security centre revised advisory NCSC-2026-0280 on 2026-08-12 to state that it had received a notification showing active abuse of the vulnerability observed on multiple systems where port 5900 was reachable from the internet, and that in all of those cases root access was obtained on the affected system and a Monero cryptocurrency miner was planted (NCSC-NL, 2026-08-12). The revision note the advisory carries for that version (that public proof-of-concept code is available and active abuse is known) ties the escalation directly to the public exploit work the 2026-08-11 entry described (NCSC-NL, 2026-08-12).

This closes the gap the prior entry left open. That entry set out the exposure (a pre-authentication path to root in a daemon that answers on 5900, exploits reconstructed from the binary diff within hours, a researcher scan finding roughly 40,000 Macs with Screen Sharing reachable from the internet, and hosted bare-metal Mac providers that had not folded the fix into their provisioning images) and could only say that no exploitation had been confirmed. It now has been, against exactly that population: internet-reachable port 5900.

Two things are worth holding steady against the temptation to escalate further. The observed outcome is cryptomining, not data theft or ransomware, which says something about who moved first, not about what the primitive permits, since the same pre-auth root gets an operator anything they want on the host. And the remediation has not changed: the fixed builds are macOS 26.6.1, Sequoia 15.7.9 and Sonoma 14.8.9, the same ones named on 2026-08-08 (BleepingComputer, 2026-08-14). Where an update cannot be applied immediately, disabling Screen Sharing in System Settings where it is not needed remains the vendor-path control (BleepingComputer, 2026-08-14).

Detection: neither source discloses a miner process name, pool infrastructure or persistence mechanism, so there is no artifact to hunt for beyond the generic. What does carry over is the sourced telemetry discriminator from the 2026-08-11 entry (a successful Screen Sharing attach whose authentication type is the weaker of the two the protocol offers, or whose session user resolves to root or to no user at all) which was a concern about a proof-of-concept when it was written and is now a description of activity someone has actually performed. On the outcome side, a Mac sustaining high processor load from a process with no corresponding user session, on a host that accepts connections on 5900, is the shape the confirmed cases took.

Triage: Screen Sharing sessions are ordinary on managed Mac fleets, and remote-support tooling produces them all day. The separators here are reachability and identity rather than the connection itself: a session sourced from outside the corporate network to a host whose 5900 listener is internet-facing, and a session that authenticates without resolving to a named user account. Legitimate administrative screen sharing arrives from known internal ranges or a VPN concentrator and binds to a real operator identity; neither holds for the confirmed cases, where the whole point of the flaw is authenticating without valid credentials.

vulnerability08 Aug 05:06Zmulti-sourceOpen finding ↗

2026-08-07 · view entry permalink →

NOTABLENATOB2

The macOS ClickFix chain now qualifies visitors server-side before showing the lure, with anti-analysis probes that detect a console rather than a sandbox

The interesting part of this campaign is no longer the lure but the doorway in front of it. Microsoft Threat Intelligence reports that the macOS ClickFix activity it has been tracking now performs visitor qualification on the server before it will show anything malicious: "Rather than immediately presenting a malicious command, the actor performs server-side victim qualification before revealing the lure, reducing visibility to researchers and automated security systems while maintaining access to intended macOS targets" (Microsoft Threat Intelligence, 2026-08-05). The gate is hosted across a large set of algorithmically generated domains, Microsoft "confirmed more than 250 ClickFix front-end domains during the tracking window, and many followed a repeated naming pattern using the token “file” with dictionary-style words", i.e. a file<word><word> construction (and the decision is not made in the browser where an analyst could read it) "the gate profiles each visitor using a combination of browser, hardware, and runtime attributes, which are submitted to the server for evaluation" (Microsoft Threat Intelligence, 2026-08-05). A visitor that fails qualification receives a decoy page or nothing at all, which is why a scanner's verdict on one of these URLs is close to worthless.

The profiling itself is broader than the usual sandbox checks. Microsoft describes collection across the browser's navigator, screen, window, document, location and console objects, a WebGL query for genuine graphics hardware, and environmental signals including timezone, iframe presence and touch-input support. Two probes stand out because they target the analyst rather than the machine. The first is a counter driven by JavaScript's own string coercion: "the script creates a temporary function whose toString() method increases a counter, then writes that function to the console" (Microsoft Threat Intelligence, 2026-08-05). In a normal browser that counter usually stays put, because nothing serialises the function; if the developer console is open, or a headless or log-capturing tool serialises console output, the function gets converted to a string and the counter moves. The check does not ask "am I in a VM?"; it asks "is somebody reading this page's console?", which a well-built analysis harness answers in the affirmative precisely because it is instrumented. The second is prototype-tampering detection, which catches the hooking that instrumentation frameworks rely on.

A qualified visitor is served a counterfeit page presenting a "Verified Publisher" framing and a Download for macOS action carrying an obfuscated curl one-liner, in the ClickFix pattern of getting the user to paste and run a command themselves. That command retrieves a staged script from a structured path on the operator's infrastructure, and the chain ends in an infostealer, Microsoft names MacSync and Atomic Stealer (AMOS) as the families delivered, collecting credentials, browser data and cryptocurrency-wallet contents (Microsoft Threat Intelligence, 2026-08-05).

Rather than immediately presenting a malicious command, the actor performs server-side victim qualification before revealing the lure, reducing visibility to researchers and automated security systems while maintaining access to intended macOS targets.

The gate profiles each visitor using a combination of browser, hardware, and runtime attributes, which are submitted to the server for evaluation.

The script creates a temporary function whose toString() method increases a counter, then writes that function to the console.

On macOS 26.4 and later, Apple introduced a mitigation that displays a warning when a user attempts to paste a potentially malicious command into Terminal, directly addressing the ClickFix delivery mechanism.

Where feasible, alert the file<word><word> domain pattern rather than maintaining a list of individual domains.

Microsoft Threat Intelligence 2026-08-05
threat07 Aug 04:41Zsingle-sourceOpen finding ↗

2026-08-07 · view entry permalink →

NOTABLENATOB2

A fake Zoom installer stages Overlord RAT through the first .NET macOS downloader Jamf has observed, PE-format DLLs bundled inside a Mach-O binary

Jamf Threat Labs found a counterfeit Zoom installer that introduces a runtime macOS malware has not used before as a downloader stage. "The downloader is a macOS ARM64 Mach-O binary named ZoomMeetings, built as a self-contained .NET 10 single-file application with the .NET runtime bundled inside" (Jamf Threat Labs, 2026-08-06). The choice is not cosmetic: recent macOS families have leaned on Go and Rust, and Jamf's point is portability, ".NET now joins that list, with its cross-platform support enabling a single codebase to target both Windows and macOS" (Jamf Threat Labs, 2026-08-06). The structural quirk that makes it interesting to a reverser is that .NET assemblies carry their intermediate-language bytecode in the Windows PE container even when hosted inside a Mach-O wrapper, so a macOS binary here contains Windows-format executables: static analysis extracted 34 embedded PE/DLL files from the wrapper. One of them carries plaintext Zoom product-metadata strings lifted from the legitimate installer so casual inspection reads as genuine, while the malicious DLL's method, field and string-table names are obfuscated into generated identifiers.

Execution writes a stage-two binary into a temporary directory and launches it backgrounded and detached from the terminal session, so the payload outlives the installer. It then does the thing that makes this hard to triage. Jamf: "Concurrently, it fetches the real Zoom installer to maintain the lure. On macOS it downloads the .pkg; on Windows the .exe" (retrieved from Zoom's own download host) with the consequence that "By the time anything suspicious happens on the machine, Zoom is installed and working" (Jamf Threat Labs, 2026-08-06). A user who checks whether they actually got Zoom will find that they did. That second stage is a Go build of Overlord, an openly available remote-access framework, compiled with Garble, which mangles the function, type and package names in Go's pclntab and obfuscates the moduledata structure that analysis tooling uses to locate them, breaking the standard Go reverse-engineering workflow that normally recovers a Go binary's symbol layout for free. "The agent connects to its C2 over a secure WebSocket" (Jamf Threat Labs, 2026-08-06), reaching a Zoom-branded lookalike host on a non-standard port. Overlord's capability set is broad (keylogging, screen, audio and webcam capture, filesystem access and arbitrary script execution) with optional LaunchAgent persistence. Jamf sets out two separate points of similarity and declines to draw a conclusion from either. Overlord was also used by UNK_DeadDrop, a cluster Proofpoint assesses as likely North Korean, though Jamf states no direct overlap has been identified between that activity and this campaign; and this Overlord variant shares its LaunchAgent label and plist name with FlexibleFerret, a DPRK-attributed macOS family associated with the Contagious Interview campaign and documented by SentinelOne in February 2025. Jamf's own position is that it has noted the similarities but does not currently attribute this malware to a specific threat actor, and the initial delivery vector remains under investigation, so on the evidence published this is an unattributed campaign reusing a public tool, and the DPRK-adjacent context is a naming and tooling overlap rather than an attribution.

The downloader is a macOS ARM64 Mach-O binary named ZoomMeetings, built as a self-contained .NET 10 single-file application with the .NET runtime bundled inside.

.NET now joins that list, with its cross-platform support enabling a single codebase to target both Windows and macOS.

The agent connects to its C2 over a secure WebSocket.

By the time anything suspicious happens on the machine, Zoom is installed and working.

Jamf Threat Labs 2026-08-06
threat07 Aug 04:41Zsingle-sourceOpen finding ↗

Earlier coverage (2)

2026-07-19NOTABLENATOB2ClickLock Stealer, a macOS ClickFix infostealer that force-kills every visible app until the victim types their login passwordGroup-IB has documented ClickLock Stealer, a previously undetected modular macOS infostealer delivered via ClickFix social engineering (paste-into-Terminal) that needs no exploit and no elevated privilege. Its signature move: on next login, a module kills every visible application every ~210 ms, leaving only a fake password dialog on screen (for up to ~83 hours) until the victim types their macOS password (validated locally so only the correct one is exfiltrated); a parallel module uses the same coercion to force a real Keychain-authorization dialog and steal Chrome's Safe Storage key. More than 50% of the ~100 identified victims across 33 countries are in Europe, making this directly relevant to any Swiss or European organization issuing macOS endpoints.2026-07-14NOTABLENATOB2CrashStealer, a native-C++ macOS infostealer using a notarized dropper and local dscl password validation to raid keychain, browsers and walletsJamf Threat Labs details CrashStealer, a native-C++ macOS infostealer (distinct from AMOS/MacSync) that reached in-the-wild deployment by early July 2026. A signed, Apple-notarized "Werkbit Setup" dropper clears Gatekeeper and stages an ad-hoc-signed payload impersonating Apple's CrashReporter from a hidden /private/tmp path; the payload prompts for the login password, validates it locally with dscl -authonly, unlocks the keychain, profiles installed EDR tooling, and exfiltrates browser, wallet-extension and keychain data AES-GCM-encrypted over libcurl. Any organisation with a macOS fleet should hunt for the staging artifacts.