UPDATE (originally covered 2026-05-08):

Poland's Internal Security Agency (ABW) published its 2025 Annual Report on 2026-05-07, providing materially expanded detail beyond the initial reporting. The report names five municipal water facilities targeted in intrusion attempts during H2 2025 and Q1 2026: Jabłonna Lacka, Szczytno, Małdyty, Tolkmicko, and Sierakowo. All are smaller municipalities (populations 1,500–26,000) with limited IT security staff, consistent with the observed targeting pattern. ABW formally attributes the intrusion campaign to APT28 (Russian GRU) for the initial-access and persistence phase, APT29 (Russian SVR) for the intelligence-collection overlay observed at Jabłonna Lacka, and UNC1151 (Belarusian GRU-affiliated, historically associated with Ghostwriter information operations) for a disinformation component: fabricated leak documents purporting to show contamination data. This represents more granular tri-attribution than the "pro-Russian hacktivist" framing used in initial reporting.

NIS2 Directive context: Poland transposed NIS2 into national law effective 2026-02-01 (Ustawa z dnia 28 listopada 2025 r. o krajowym systemie cyberbezpieczeństwa). Water distribution operators above the 50-employee threshold are now classified as Essential Entities under NIS2, subject to mandatory incident notification to CSIRT GOV (ABW) within 24/72 hours. ABW's annual report explicitly notes that the five named facilities fell below the NIS2 threshold at the time of intrusion, highlighting the coverage gap for small municipal operators. ABW is recommending legislative action to extend NIS2 obligations to critical-function entities regardless of headcount.